Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

Gender (N)

 Male

4

3

1

 Female

16

8

8

Age (N)

 20–35 years

9

4

5

 36–50 years

8

5

3

 51–65 years

3

2

1

Education level (N)

 Higher education

9

6

3

 Secondary education

5

2

3

 Secondary vocational education

3

1

2

 Pre-vocational education

3

2

1

Years since bipolar disorder diagnosis (M, SD)

6.4 (6.3)

5.0 (5.8)

8.2 (6.8)

Years in treatment (M, SD)

10.6 (8.8)

10.1 (8.5)

11.27 (9.7)

Bipolar disorder diagnosis (N)

 Bipolar disorder type I

9

6

5

 Bipolar disorder type II

11

5

4

Comorbid diagnoses (N)

 No comorbid Axis I/II disorder

12

5

7

 Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

1

1

0

 Autism Spectrum Disorder

1

1

0

 Sleep disorder

1

1

0

 Alcohol/drug dependence

1

0

1

 Personality disorder

6

5

1

Medication use at study start (N)

 None

2

1

1

 Amphetamine

1

1

0

 Anti-epileptic

10

8

2

 Atypical antipsychotic

10

5

5

 Benzodiazepine

9

6

3

 Thyreomimetica

2

0

2

 Lithium

5

0

5

 Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

3

3

0

 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

4

2

2

 Tricyclic antidepressant

1

1

0

Transitions¹ (N)

 To a manic episode

7

 To a depressive episode

8

Symptom increase in week of transition (M, SD)

 Transition to a manic episode (ASRM)

6.7 (1.5)

 Transition to a depressive episode (QIDS-SR)

11.3 (5.8)

Manic and depressive symptom levels (M, SD)

 During manic periods (ASRM ≥ 6)

9.0 (3.3)

 During depressed periods (QIDS ≥ 6)

11.5 (4.7)

 During nonmanic periods (ASRM < 6)

1.3 (1.6)

 During nondepressive periods (QIDS < 6)

3.3 (1.3)

Episode duration after transition in weeks (M, SD)

 Manic episode

1.9 (0.9)

 Depressive episode

2.6 (3.1)

Compliance to EMA (%)

75.9

74.6

77.6