Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of study sample
Total (n = 117) | Non-lithium exposed group (n = 75) | Lithium-exposed group (n = 42) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal and pregnancy characteristics | ||||
Maternal age at delivery, years mean (SD) | 34.31 (4.24) | 34.79 (4.21) | 33.45 (4.20) | 0.102 |
Multipara, n (%) | 51 (43.6) | 28 (37.3) | 23 (54.5) | 0.198 |
Intoxication*, n (%) | 23 (19.7) Missing 3 | 17 (22.7) Missing 3 | 6 (14.3) | 0.340 |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.698 | |||
No | 95 (81.2) | 59 (78.7) | 36 (85.7) | |
Yes, all trimesters | 13 (11.1) | 9 (12.0) | 4 (9.5) | |
Yes, only in first trimester | 8 (6.9) | 6 (8.0) | 2 (4.8) | |
Lithium exposure | ||||
During pregnancy at any point, n (%) | 42 | NA | ||
In third trimester, n (%) | 41 | NA | ||
Dosage, mean mg/day (range) | 1051.28 (400–2400) Missing 5 | NA | ||
Psychotropic medication other than lithium, n (%) | 66 (56.4) | 44 (58.6) | 23 (54.8) | 0.940 |
Typical antipsychotics | 8 (6.8) | 4 (5.3) | 4 (9.5) | NA |
Atypical antipsychotics | 39 (33.3) | 26 (34.7) | 13 (31.0) | 0.838 |
SNRI | 6 (5.1) | 5 (6.7) | 1 (2.4) | NA |
SSRI | 12 (10.3) | 6 (8.0) | 6 (14.3) | 0.4488 |
TCA | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.4) | NA |
TeCA | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | NA |
Benzodiazepines | 7 (6.0) | 5 (6.7) | 2 (4.8) | NA |
Atypical antidepressants | 2 (1.7) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.4) | NA |
Anticonvulsants | 15 (12.8) | 11 (14.7) | 4 (9.5) | NA |
Type of bipolar disease, n (%) | 0.012** | |||
I | 46 (39.3) | 21 (28.0) | 25 (59.5) | |
II | 54 (46.2) | 39 (52.0) | 15 (37.5) | |
Rapid cycling | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (4.8) | |
Not otherwise specified | 2 (1.7) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
Planned pregnancy, n (%) | 70 (60.0) Missing 22 | 42 (56.0) Missing 16 | 28 (66.7) Missing 6 | 0.640 |
Obesity, n (%) | 25 (21.4) Missing 40 | 12 (16.0) Missing 28 | 13 (31.0) Missing 12 | 0.168 |
Pregnancy outcomes | ||||
Gestational diabetes mellitus***, n (%) | 15 (12.8) | 9 (12.0) | 6 (14.3) | 0.947 |
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy,*** n (%) | 0.218 | |||
No | 107 (91.5) | 71 (94.7) | 36 (85.7) | |
Pregnancy induced hypertension | 4 (3.4) | 2 (2.7) | 2 (4.8) | |
Preeclampsia | 6 (5.1) | 2 (2.7) | 4 (9.5) | |
Polyhydramnios, n (%) | 7 (6.0) Missing 40 | 2 (2.7) Missing 30 | 5 (11.9) Missing 10 | 0.201 |
Caesarean section, n (%) | 34 (29.1) | 18 (24.0) | 16 (38.1) | 0.162 |
Of which unplanned n (% of total caesarean sections per group) | 22 (64.7) | 13 (72.2) | 9 (56.3) | 0.540 |