Skip to main content
International Journal of Bipolar Disorders

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics, cognition, psychosocial functioning and childhood trauma in patients with BD (n = 345) and HC (n = 183)

From: Association between childhood trauma, cognition, and psychosocial function in a large sample of partially or fully remitted patients with bipolar disorder and healthy participants

 

BD (n = 345)

HC (n = 183)

P-value

Gender (F/M %)

362.9/37.1

61.2/38.8

0.70

Age in years, median (IQR)

31 (16)

28 (12)

0.01*

Educational years, median (IQR)

15 (5)1

16 (4)

 < 0.01**

Verbal IQ, median (IQR)

112.2 (7.1)2

112.2 (7.5)3

0.10

HDRS, median (IQR)

5 (6)4

0 (2)

 < 0.01**

YMRS, median (IQR)

2 (4)5

0 (1)

 < 0.01**

BD type, I/II %

36.5/63.5

  

Illness duration in years, median (IQR)

5 (11)8

  

Number of depressive episodes, median (IQR)

5 (8)7

  

Number of (hypo)manic episodes, median (IQR)

4 (9)8

  

Number of mixed episodes, median (IQR)

0 (0)9

  

Total number of episodes, median (IQR)

12 (17)10

  

Psychotropic medications

 Antidepressants, no. (%)

20.6

  

 Antipsychotics, no. (%)

38.6

  

 Anticonvulsants, no. (%)

42.9

  

 Lithium, no. (%)

45.8

  

 No medications, no. (%)

0.3

  

Cognitive functions

 Global cognition, median (IQR)

− 0.46 (0.86)

0.01 (0.78)

 < 0.001**

 Attention, median (IQR)

− 0.47 (0.95)

0.08 (0.73)

 < 0.001**

 Psychomotor speed, median (IQR)

− 0.73 (1.26)

− 0.13 (1.26)

 < 0.001**

 Working memory, median (IQR)

− 0.55 (1.27)

0.07 (0.97)

 < 0.001**

 Verbal fluency and executive function, median (IQR)

− 0.39 (1.04)

0.03 (1.04)

 < 0.001**

 Verbal learning and memory, median (IQR)

− 0.23 (1.37)11

0.14 (1.06)

 < 0.001**

Functioning

 FAST total score, median (IQR)

18 (19)12

0 (2)13

 < 0.001**

Childhood trauma

 CTQ total score, median (IQR)

38 (17)

29 (6)

 < 0.001**

 Physical abuse, total score, median (IQR)

5 (0)

5 (0)

 < 0.001**

 Emotional abuse, total score, median (IQR)

9 (7)

5 (1)

 < 0.001**

 Sexual abuse, total score, median (IQR)

5 (0)

5 (0)

 < 0.001**

 Emotional neglect total score, median (IQR)

11 (8)

6 (2)

 < 0.001**

 Physical neglect total score, median (IQR)

7 (4)

6 (4)

0.04*

 High childhood trauma %

48

11

 < 0.001**

  1. Data missing for: 11 participant, 212 participants (not estimated primarily due to dyslexia) 34 participants, 41 participant, 51 participant, 61 participant, 77 participants, 86 participants, 911 participants, 1016 participants 112 participants 121 participant, 132 participants
  2. BD Bipolar disorder, CTQ Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, FAST Functioning Short Assessment Test, HC Healthy Controls, HDRS Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, IQR interquartile range, M mean, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale
  3. *p ≤ 0.05, **p < 0.001
Back to article page