Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, CSF markers, and cognitive function for patients with bipolar disorder and healthy control individuals at baseline

N

85

44

Age, median (Q1; Q3)

33 (26; 42)

30.5 (24; 40.5)

Female; N (%)

41 (48.2)

19 (43.2)

Years of education, median (Q1; Q3)

14 (12; 17)

15 (13; 17)

Smokers; N (%)

29 (34.1)

8 (18.2)

Alcohol Consumption, median (Q1; Q3)

0.2 (0; 1)

0.5 (0;1)

Lithium, N (%)

44 (51.8)

0

Antipsychotics, N (%)

35 (41.2)

0

Anticonvulsants, N (%)

42 (49.4)

0

CSF-Aβ42 (pg/ml)

603 (173.91) [25(29.41%)]

631.82 (157.44) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Aβ40 (pg/ml)

5697.42 (1571.93) [25(29.41%)]

5888.55 (1340.25) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Aβ38 (pg/ml)

2224 (663.88) [25(29.41%)]

2291.71 (589.32) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Aβ42/40 ratio

0.11 (0.01) [25(29.41%)]

0.11 (0.01) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Aβ42/38 ratio

0.27 (0.02) [25(29.41%)]

0.28 (0.02) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-sAPPα (ng/ml)

272.03 (109.68) [25(29.41%)]

295.76 (112.29) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-aAPPβ (ng/ml)

571.32 (191.44) [25(29.41%)]

596.84 (207.44) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Total Tau (pg/ml)

205.3 (82.05) [25(29.41%)]

195.61 (73.25) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Phosphyrolated Tau (pg/ml)

33.86 (9.79) [25(29.41%)]

33.21 (8.94) [6(13.64%)]

CSF- Total Tau/phosphorylated Tau^a

0.17 (0.15; 0.18) [26(30.59%)]

0.17 (0.15; 0.18) [6(13.64%)]

CSF_Neurogranin (pg/ml)^a

167.5 (139.25; 191.75) [25(29.41%)]

171 (125.75; 216.25) [6(13.64%)]

CSF-Neurofilament Light Chain (pg/ml)^a

336.5 (246.5; 490.5) [25(29.41%)]

354.5 (214.75; 566.75) [6(13.64%)]

Plasma-Aβ42 (pg/ml)

10.77 (2.45) [4(4.71%)]

10.17 (2.15) [1(2.27%)]

Plasma-Aβ40 (pg/ml)

225.93 (57.87) [3(3.53%)]

215.58 (51.64) [1(2.27%)]

Plasma-Aβ42/40 ratio

0.05 (0.01) [4(4.71%)]

0.05 (0.01) [1(2.27%)]

Plasma-total Tau (pg/ml)

3.03 (0.95) [3(3.53%)]

2.82 (0.88) [1(2.27%)]

Plasma-Neurofilament Light Chain (pg/ml)^a

6.87 (4.98; 9.11) [5(5.88%)]

5.73 (4.5; 7.84) [1(2.27%)]

Serum-S100 (µg/ml) (pg/ml)^a

0.04 (0.03; 0.05) [4(4.71%)]

0.04 (0.03; 0.05) [1(2.27%)]

Global cognition

− 0.24 (0.61) [0(0%)]

− 0.01 (0.51) [0(0%)]

Verbal memory

− 0.22 (0.75) [0(0%)]

0 (0.66) [1 (2.27%)]

Executive function

− 0.18 (0.69) [2(2.35%)]

− 0.01 (0.67) [1(2.27%)]

Psychomotor speed

− 0.39 (0.89) [0(0%)]

− 0.02 (0.86) [2(4.55%)]

Sustained attention

− 0.19 (1) [6(7.06%)]

0 (0.91) [1(2.27%)]