Table 1 Summary of characteristics of the included studies
References | BD type | Mood state | Sample size BD/HC | Age (years) BD/HC | Male% BD/HC | Inflammation factors | MRI modality | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | Depressed | 26 | 47.59 | 26.9% | SCF | rs-fMRI | Increased stem cell factor levels positively correlated with greater gray matter volume in frontal and parietal cortices and neural responses of ACC and medial PFC | |
NA* | NA | NA | BDNF | sMRI | ||||
I | Depressed | 31 | 48.0 | 32.0% | TNF-α | DTI | The TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8, and IL-10 shared the same associations with lower fractional anisotropy and higher mean diffusivity in the anterior part of brain | |
NA | NA | NA | IFN-γ | |||||
Poletti et al. (2017) | I | Depressed | 25 | 47.44 | 32.0% | Th17 cells | ts-fMRI | The frequency of circulating T regulatory cells correlated to lower neuronal responses in the right dorsolateral PFC and higher radial and mean diffusivity |
21 | 27.61 | 34.8% | DTI | |||||
Poletti et al. (2019) | I | Depressed | 26 | 47.96 | 35.0% | CCL4 | rs-fMRI | CCL4 and ICAM1 negatively correlated with cortical thickness in the inferior temporal gyrus; TNF-α positively associated with cortical thickness in the ACC |
23 | 27.50 | 34.8% | TNF-α | sMRI | ||||
Chung et al. (2013) | I | Euthymic | 17 | 31.3 | 41.2% | hs-CRP | sMRI | Elevation of serum hs-CRP levels associated with reduced volume of the orbitofrontal cortex |
NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Tsai et al. (2019) | I | Euthymic | 32 | 61.2 | 37.5% | sIL-2R | sMRI | The bilateral hippocampal volumes were inverse to the sIL-2R level; the total gray matter volume was inverse to sTNF-R1 and IL-1β |
NA | NA | NA | sTNF-R1 | |||||
Mohite et al. (2021) | I | Euthymic | 21 | 33.90 | 33.3% | INF-γ | sMRI | The lower right medial orbitofrontal volume negatively correlated with INF-γ levels; the smaller left posterior cingulate cortex positively correlated with IL-10 |
22 | 33.91 | 40.9% | IL-10 | |||||
Barzman et al. (2014) | I | NA | 15 | 15.0 | 33.3% | TNF-related gene | ts-fMRI | Expression of TNF-related genes correlated with activation of the amygdala, subgenual ACC, orbitofrontal cortex and thalamus in the affective task |
NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Lesh et al. (2018) | I | NA | 16 | 21.4 | 75.0% | IL-1β, IL-2 | sMRI | Whole brain white matter percentage showed an inverse trend with IL-1β |
53 | 19.5 | 64.0% | ||||||
Chen et al. (2020a) | I | NA | 22 | 28.1 | 18.2% | TNF-R1 | sMRI | The elevated TNF-R1 levels and lower Wisconsin card sorting test performance were positively correlated with smaller gray matter volume in the medial PFC |
22 | 27.4 | 18.1% | sIL-6R | |||||
Furlan et al. (2019) | I | Depressed, manic | 30 | 44.23 | 30.0% | Natural killer | ts-fMRI | The levels of NK cell positively correlated with fractional anisotropy |
36 | 41.75 | 33.3% | cells | DTI | ||||
Quidé et al. (2021) | I | Depressed, manic, euthymic, mixed | 52 | 36.43 | 32.7% | CRP, IL-6 | sMRI | Increased systemic inflammation correlated with increased covariation in the striatum and cerebellum |
59 | 36.27 | 44.9% | ||||||
Chen et al. (2020a) | II | Depressed | 41 | 26.71 | 43.9% | IL-6 | rs-fMRI | The FC between the right posterior insula and left postcentral gyrus was decreased and negatively correlated with the IL-6 level |
68 | 31.27 | 48.5% | TNF-α | |||||
Tang et al. (2021) | II | Depressed | 42 | 26.95 | 45.2% | IL-6 | rs-fMRI | The decreased FC of the right postcentral gyrus was inversely correlated with higher IL-8 levels |
69 | 31.48 | 47.8% | IL-8 | |||||
King et al. (2019) | II | Euthymic | 15 | 22–57 | NA | CRP | MRS | There was no significant difference in neuroimaging or inflammatory markers between BD and HC groups |
13 | 22–57 | NA | IL-6 | |||||
Savitz et al. (2015) | I, II | Depressed | 63 | 38.8 | 19.0% | Kynurenic acid | sMRI | The kynurenic acid/3-hydroxy-kynurenine was positively associated with hippocampal and amygdala volume |
48 | 32.6 | 40.0% | ||||||
Mansur et al. (2020) | I, II | Depressed | 55 | 44.85 | 20.0% | TNF-α | sMRI | The decreased TNF-α levels were related to increased whole-brain cortical thickness in the infliximab BD group |
NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Lotrich et al. (2014) | I, II | Euthymic | 21 | 64.8 | 38.1% | IL-1RA | DTI | Higher IL-1RA levels inversely correlated with cognitive function even when co-varying for either IL-6 or brain-derived neurotrophic factor |
25 | 65.5 | 46.1% | IL-6 | |||||
Tu et al. (2017) | I, II | Euthymic | 75 | 42.67 | 36.0% | sIL-6R | rs-fMRI | Increased sIL-6R correlated with the thinner right middle temporal gyrus cortex |
NA | NA | NA | sMRI | |||||
Emiroglu et al. (2015) | NA | Euthymic | 30 | 16.37 | 40.0% | NGF | sMRI | The right hippocampal volume negatively correlated with the duration of the disorder and medication, which positively correlated with the nerve growth factor |
23 | 16.30 | 52.1% | BDNF | |||||
Tseng et al. (2021) | NA | Euthymic | 25 | 36.48 | 36.0% | hs-CRP | rs-fMRI | Enhanced FC between the right dorsal caudal putamen and ventrolateral PFC was correlated with higher hs-CRP levels and lower continuous performance tests |
43 | 31.05 | 48.8% | ||||||
Hoseth et al. (2016) | I, II, NA | NA | 117 | 32.0 | 39.3% | sTNF-R1 | sMRI | Levels of sTNF-R1 were negatively associated with memory learning; hippocampal volume positively correlated with delayed free recall |
236 | 35.0 | 44.1% | ||||||
Shonibare et al. (2020) | I, II, NA | NA | 38 | 17.5 | 39.0% | IL-1β genetic variation | sMRI | T-carriers with BD had more significant surface areas in the dorsolateral PFC and lateral occipital cortex |
32 | 16.4 | 41.0% | ||||||
Strenn et al. (2021) | I, II, NA | NA | 188 | 38.0 | 39.4% | IL-1β gene | sMRI | The T allele at rs16944 and the C allele at rs1143627 were associated with increased volumes of the left putamen and hippocampus |
54 | 40.0 | 40.7% | ||||||
Jiang et al. (2022) | I, II, NA | Depressed, manic, euthymic | 38 | 26.46 | 47.4% | IL-1β | DTI | Fractional anisotropy decreased in the body and genu of the corpus callosum; no significant correlation between inflammation and white matter integrity |
26 | 28.23 | 38.5% | TNF-α | |||||
Poletti et al. (2020) | I, II | Depressed, manic, euthymic | 63 | 46.81 | 27.0% | IL-9 | MRS | IL-9 positively predicted glutamate, IL-1β positively predicted Myo-inositol, and CCL5 positively predicted N-acetyl aspartate concentrations |
49 | 33.70 | 57.1% | CCL5 | |||||
Gong et al. (2022) | I, II | Depressed euthymic | 51 | 27.84 | 47.1% | TNF-α | rs-fMRI | The higher TNF-α level negatively correlated with decreased FC between the right medial amygdala and bilateral medial frontal cortex |
69 | 31.48 | 47.8% | IL-1β | |||||
Chen et al. (2019) | NA | Depressed, manic, euthymic | 23 | 41.96 | 21.7% | IL-6 | sMRI | Proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, were related to the decreased gray matter volume in the frontal, temporal, and cingulate cortex |
NA | NA | NA | TNF-R1 | |||||
Bai et al. (2020) | NA | Depressed, manic, euthymic | 72 | 39.5 | 37.5% | sIL-6R | sMRI | The reduced gray matter volume in 12 brain regions negatively correlated with sIL-6R and sTNF-R1 levels |
NA | NA | NA | sTNF-R1 | |||||
Bond et al. (2020) | NA | Depressed, manic, euthymic | 51 | 22.9 | 47.1% | Epidermal growth factor | sMRI | More mood episodes in the past predicted lower mean log(e)-transformed epidermal growth factor and smaller bilateral temporal lobe volumes |
22 | 25.0 | 40.9% | ||||||
Bond et al. (2022) | NA | Depressed, manic, euthymic | 25 | 23.0 | 40.0% | Total inflammation | sMRI | The elevated total inflammation level predicted lower white matter volume in the left frontal lobe and bilateral temporal lobes |
14 | 24.0 | 28.6% | ||||||
Besga et al. (2017) | NA | NA | 24 |  > 50 | NA | IL-1β | DTI | Late-onset BD showed increased IL-1β, IL-6 and fractional anisotropy than Alzheimer’s subjects; IL-6 level positively correlated with white matter integrity |
19 | NA | NA | IL-6 | |||||
Comai et al. (2022) | NA | NA | 66 | 47.58 | 33.3% | Kynurenine tryptophan | DTI | Higher kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and IL-1β correlated with lower fractional anisotropy in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus |
NA | NA | NA | ||||||
Papiol et al. (2008) | NA | NA | 20 | 43.3 | 50.0% | IL-1β gene (2q13) | sMRI | A polymorphism (rs16944) of the IL-1β gene correlated with whole brain and left dorsolateral PFC gray matter deficits |
43 | 29.4 | 55.8% |