Skip to main content
International Journal of Bipolar Disorders
Download PDF

Bipolar disorder with comorbid anxiety disorders: impact of comorbidity on treatment outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychoeducation

International Journal of Bipolar Disorders volume 1, Article number: 15 (2013) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Comorbid anxiety disorders are extremely prevalent in bipolar disorder (BD) and have substantial impact on the course of illness. Limited evidence regarding treatment factors has led to a renewal of research efforts examining both the impact of treatments on comorbid anxiety and the impact of comorbid anxiety on treatments. The current study examines the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on response to two psychosocial interventions for BD.

Methods

A sample of 204 patients with BD took part in the study. Of them, 41.7% had a comorbid anxiety disorder. All participants received either individual cognitive-behavioral therapy or group psychoeducation for BD. Evaluations included complete pretreatment and 18-month follow-up assessments of mood and anxiety symptoms, functioning, medication compliance, dysfunctional attitudes, and coping style. Outcome was compared based on the presence or absence of a comorbid anxiety disorder.

Results and discussion

The participants with comorbid anxiety disorders ranked more severe than those without on several measures. Despite more severe illness characteristics, the magnitude of their treatment gains was equivalent or superior to that of the participants without anxiety disorders on a variety of outcome measures. Although the treatments did not specifically target the anxiety disorder, the participants made significant improvements in anxiety symptoms. Despite greater illness severity, patients with comorbid anxiety disorders can make substantial gains from psychosocial interventions targeting BD. Even in the presence of an anxiety disorder, they are able to attend to the content of the psychosocial treatments and apply it to better manage their condition. The presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder should not be considered a deterrent to offering BD-focused psychosocial treatments.

Background

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a complex, chronic mood disorder involving repeated episodes of depression and mania/hypomania (American Psychiatric Association 2001). In addition to multiple relapses of mood episodes (Schaffer et al. 2006), individuals living with BD also experience substantial symptoms between episodes (Benazzi 2004; Paykel et al. 2006).

Complicating the course of illness, psychiatric comorbidity is very highly prevalent (Schaffer et al. 2006). Anxiety disorders are among the most highly prevalent comorbidities associated with BD. Epidemiological studies show that as many as 74.9% of individuals with BD have at least one anxiety disorder at some point in their lives (Merikangas et al. 2007). Unfortunately, comorbid anxiety disorders are associated with more affective relapses, increased suicidality, sleep disturbances, decreased work and social functioning, and increased barriers to effective treatment (Hawke et al. 2013; Freeman et al. 2002). Furthermore, they appear to reduce the effectiveness of mood stabilizers (Keller 2006) and increase nonadherence to pharmacotherapy (Perlis et al. 2010), substantially complicating the pharmacological treatment approach (Schaffer et al. 2012).

A recent review of publication trends revealed that although the characteristics of the bipolar-anxiety comorbidity set have been described in detail in the literature, there is a paucity of research examining its treatment factors (Provencher et al. 2012). Several studies have suggested that comorbid anxiety disorders interfere with treatment response (El-Mallakh and Hollifield 2008). However, treatment research has largely consisted of small case studies and preliminary reports, with few large-scale trials. Furthermore, most research has addressed pharmacotherapy, surprisingly few examining psychosocial interventions (Provencher et al. 2012; Provencher et al. 2011a b).

Nevertheless, the potential benefits of psychosocial interventions for comorbid anxiety have been discussed, and three main approaches described. The first is an integrated treatment approach, where anxiety-focused techniques are built into a BD-focused treatment, producing moderate results (Williams et al. 2008; Dusser et al. 2009). A second approach is sequential, i.e., targeting the BD and anxiety disorder with two specific, separate interventions; pilot tests of this approach have also produced moderate results (e.g., Mueser et al. 2004). A third approach is a compromise between the two, i.e., the modular treatment of comorbidities within a standard CBT protocol (Otto and Reilly-Harrington 2002; Thienot et al. 2013). However, no studies have been identified that test this approach.

The limited evidence regarding the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on psychosocial treatments and, conversely, the impact of psychosocial treatments on comorbid anxiety disorders led Provencher et al. (2012; 2011a, b) to call for a renewal of research efforts examining the reciprocal relationship between comorbid anxiety and BD treatments.

Further to those recommendations, this study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) with psychoeducation for BD (Parikh et al. 2012). The primary findings of that study were that the two interventions have equivalent impacts on affective symptoms and relapses. This study reanalyzes the data to determine the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on treatment response.

Methods

Participants

A total of 204 participants took part in the study. The average age was 40.9 years (SD = 10.7). The participants had type I BD (BD-I, 72.1%) or type II BD (BD-II, 27.9%), confirmed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) (First et al. 2002). The inclusion criteria included having at least two episodes of significant symptoms or full episodes within the previous 3 years but no episode in the month preceding randomization. The exclusion criteria included current substance dependence, severe borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, life-threatening medical illness, acute suicidality or homicidality, or significant cognitive deficits or language problems.

Procedure

A detailed description of the study is provided elsewhere (Parikh et al. 2012). The participants were randomized, without regard to illness severity, to individual CBT or group psychoeducation for BD and treated on an outpatient basis. Psychoeducation consisted of six didactic 90-min sessions drawn from a published manual (Bauer and McBride 2003). The topics included illness recognition, treatment approaches, coping strategies, and the creation of personal action plans for depression and mania. CBT consisted of 20 individual 50-min sessions from a published manual (Lam et al. 1999). The content included psychoeducation on BD, a relapse action plan, and additional cognitive-behavioral strategies such as behavioral self-monitoring and cognitive restructuring. Evaluations were conducted by trained, experienced research assistants. The number of sessions attended did not differ based on the presence or absence of a comorbid anxiety disorder (t(202) = -0.761, p = 0.45). The follow-up period was 18 months, and 160 participants provided follow-up data. The study was approved by the research ethics board of each participating medical center, i.e., the University Health Network Research Ethics Board, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Research Ethics Board, the Douglas Mental Health University Institute Research Ethics Board, the St. Joseph's Health Care Research Ethics Board, and the UBC Hospital Research Ethics Board. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Measures

The diagnoses were established using the SCID-I (First et al. 2002). The symptoms were assessed using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation scale scores for mania/hypomania, depression, and panic disorder (LIFE) (Keller et al. 1987), the Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARSM) (Altman et al. 1994), and the 21-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) (Hamilton 1967). A specific anxiety scale was not employed in the study; however, since the HAMD contains four items measuring anxiety (psychic anxiety, somatic anxiety, hypochondriasis, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms), these items were extracted on a post hoc basis to create a HAMD-Anxiety scale. The 17-item HAMD total was calculated with and without the anxiety items, for a classic HAMD-17 score and a reduced HAMD-Depression measure that explicitly excludes the anxiety component. Additional measures included the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) (American Psychiatric Association 2001), the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS) (Bauer et al. 2001; Glazer et al. 1980), the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS) (Weissman and Beck 1980), the Coping Inventory for the Prodromes of Mania (CIPM) (Wong and Lam 1999), and a single-item rating scale measuring medication compliance.

Analyses

Pretreatment and posttreatment analyses were conducted to compare the participants with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. For weekly LIFE symptom scores, a mean score was calculated for the first 4 weeks and the last 4 weeks of the study to provide robust symptom measurements. The mixed linear model was employed, with an unstructured covariance matrix, to manage dropouts and missing data. The analyses were conducted using SPSS-21, with a significance criterion of 0.05.

Results

The comorbid anxiety disorders were identified in 85 participants (41.7%). These included social phobia (36.5% of the anxiety disorder subsample), panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (31.8%), agoraphobia without panic disorder (4.7%), specific phobia (11.8%), obsessive-compulsive disorder (11.8%), posttraumatic stress disorder (10.6%), generalized anxiety disorder (10.6%), and anxiety disorder not otherwise specified (2.4%)a. There was no significant difference in age (t(202) = 0.018, p = 0.99), sex (χ2(1) = 2.814, p = 0.09), marital status (χ2(2) = 2.975, p = 0.23), and primary diagnosis (BD-I vs. BD-II; χ2(1) = 1.058, p = 0.30) based on the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder.

The treatment impact on mood and anxiety symptoms based on the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder is presented in Table 1. Significant time effects show that over 18 months, the participants improved significantly in depressive, manic/hypomanic, and anxiety symptoms, with a nonsignificant trend toward improvement on the LIFE-Panic scale. Significant anxiety disorder effects show that the participants with comorbid anxiety disorders ranked significantly more severely on HAMD-Depression and both measures of anxiety symptoms.

Table 1 Treatment impact on mood and anxiety symptoms based on anxiety disorder comorbidity
Full size table

Significant anxiety disorder × time interactions are apparent on LIFE-Depression and both measures of anxiety, demonstrating that participants with anxiety disorders make greater gains in anxiety and depressive symptoms than those without. However, the absence of interaction for manic/hypomanic symptoms shows equivalent gains irrespective of the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder.

The treatment impact on secondary outcome measures is presented in Table 2. Significant time effects show improvements on measures of global functioning, social functioning, medication compliance, dysfunctional attitudes, and coping style. The significant main effects for the presence of an anxiety disorder confirm that the anxiety disorder group fares worse in a number of areas. However, the absence of an anxiety disorder × time interaction on any secondary outcome measure shows that the participants make equivalent treatment gains irrespective of the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder.

Table 2 Treatment impact on secondary outcome variables based on anxiety disorder comorbidity
Full size table

For comparison of the treatment conditions, the analyses were repeated with psychoeducation vs. CBT treatment condition included as a covariate. None of the three-way time × anxiety disorder × treatment interaction effects approached statistical significance, suggesting that the impact of the two treatments was consistent in the presence a comorbid anxiety disorder.

Additional analyses were conducted to determine whether the effects were accounted for by differential pharmacological treatment. Full pharmacological data was available for a subsample of 114 participants. Chi-square tests show that at baseline, the participants with comorbid anxiety disorders were not more likely than those without anxiety disorders to be taking either benzodiazepines (χ2 = 1.698, p = 0.19) or antidepressants frequently used to treat anxiety (χ2 = 1.013, p = 0.31). The same held true at the 18-month follow-up assessment (benzodiazepines χ2 = 1.213, p = 0.27; antidepressants χ2 = 0.164, p = 0.69).

Discussion

This study examined the differential impact of psychosocial interventions for BD based on whether patients had a comorbid anxiety disorder. The results showed that although those with anxiety disorders ranked more severe in several areas, the amount of improvement they gained from the treatments was equivalent or superior to the participants without anxiety disorders. They made similar gains in both CBT and psychoeducation. These results applied not only to mood symptoms and functioning but also to anxiety and a variety of secondary measures.

Among the notable findings, the participants with comorbid anxiety disorders had substantially higher anxiety levels when beginning treatment but made significant gains on anxiety that partially bridged this gap. They also made greater gains than the participants without comorbid anxiety on one measure of depression. This suggests that even when not specifically targeting anxiety, BD-specific interventions can have positive impacts on both mood and anxiety. It may be that the treatments served as a transdiagnostic exposure exercise that reduced anxiety or taught participants to better identify their symptoms. Alternatively, the treatments may have fostered improved acceptance of the disorder, reducing their anxiety about living with BD and being evaluated for it. Indeed, psychoeducation has been shown to increase acceptance of BD (Provencher et al. 2011a), while acceptance is associated with lower depression and possibly anxiety (Bussing et al. 2008). Equivalent treatment gains on dysfunctional attitudes, coping styles, and medication compliance are also encouraging since they show that comorbid anxiety does not interfere with the ability to attend to the treatment content and apply it to better manage their condition.

Given the extremely high prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorders (Merikangas et al. 2007; Hawke et al. 2013) and their negative impact on the course of illness (Hawke et al. 2013; Otto et al. 2006; Feske et al. 2000; Coryell et al. 2009), it is essential to consider comorbid anxiety in treatment research. However, there is a paucity of research examining the impact of anxiety on response to common psychological interventions for BD. This study adds to a small but growing literature on the impact of comorbid anxiety disorders on two forms of BD interventions. It also directly responds to a call for increased attention to this comorbidity set in treatment studies (Provencher et al. 2012; Provencher et al. 2011a b).

Three main approaches to the psychological treatment of the bipolar-anxiety comorbidity set have been proposed: (1) integrated, where anxiety-focused techniques are built into a BD-focused treatment; (2) sequential, where the BD and the anxiety disorder are targeted separately with disorder-specific interventions; and (3) modular, where anxiety modules are inserted into a standard BD treatment. Given that the impacts of the psychosocial interventions in the current study were equivalent irrespective of anxiety disorder status, this study provides partial support for the relevance of the sequential approach when interpreted in conjunction with promising trials of psychotherapy for comorbid anxiety (e.g., Mueser et al. 2004; Thienot et al. 2013).

Several studies have suggested that CBT-type interventions might be particularly promising for comorbid anxiety disorders (Provencher et al. 2011a b). For bipolar disorder, a randomized controlled trial of CBT for BD found that CBT was ineffective for patients with a more severe, chronic course of illness (Scott et al. 2006). Although that study did not specifically consider anxiety disorders as a severity factor, many studies have demonstrated that the course of illness is more severe in the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder (e.g., Hawke et al. 2013; Freeman et al. 2002). Based on those findings, the efficacy of CBT might be expected to be minimal in the presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder. However, this is not the case in the current study. Although the treatment gains did not completely bridge the gap between the two groups on all measures, the magnitude of the gains was significant and substantial. Given equivalent or superior treatment gains, combined with significant improvements in anxiety symptoms, CBT and psychoeducation might be effectively combined sequentially with anxiety-focused CBT-type interventions to produce robust dual impacts. Alternatively, more specific anxiety modules might be integrated into these treatments to enhance impacts on anxiety.

Unfortunately, the combined and relative impact of each sequential treatment component cannot be evaluated within the framework of this study. Integrative research is required to examine the efficacy and optimal order of sequentially administered BD-specific and anxiety-specific interventions. Also remaining to be examined is the additional benefit gained by adding anxiety modules to existing treatments, as well as the differential impact of sequential, integrated and modular treatment approaches. Additional avenues for exploration include the mechanism by which these interventions produce reductions in anxiety symptoms and the differential impact on the various anxiety disorders.

Study limitations include the absence of a comparative treatment specifically targeting the comorbid anxiety disorder and a lack of anxiety-specific and anxiety disorder-specific measures to assess the impact on the anxiety disorder. Similarly, the sample sizes were insufficient to examine the specific impacts on the different anxiety disorders. However, the increasingly common use of transdiagnostic conceptualizations of and treatments for anxiety disorders justifies the analyses of all anxiety disorders combined (Norton and Philipp 2008). An additional limitation is that the recruitment took place primarily in academic medical centers; therefore, the results may not be fully generalizable to patients in the community.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study shows that individuals with comorbid anxiety disorders can make substantial gains from CBT and psychoeducation targeting BD, including reductions in anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, the gains they make in functioning, compliance, attitudes, and coping styles are equivalent to those of patients without comorbid anxiety disorders. The presence of a comorbid anxiety disorder should not be considered a deterrent to offering a patient BD-focused CBT or psychoeducation.

Endnote

aThe percentages do not sum to 100% due to anxiety comorbidities.

Abbreviations

BD:

Bipolar disorder

CARSM:

Clinician-administered rating scale for mania

CBT:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CIPM:

Coping inventory for the prodromes of mania

DAS:

Dysfunctional attitude scale

GAF:

Global assessment of functioning

HAMD:

Hamilton rating scale for depression

LIFE:

Longitudinal interval follow-up evaluation

SAS:

Social adjustment scale.

References

  • Altman EG, Hedeker DR, Janicak PG, Peterson JL, Davis JM: The Clinician-Administered Rating Scale for Mania (CARS-M): development, reliability, and validity. Biol Psychiatry 1994,36(2):124–34. 10.1016/0006-3223(94)91193-2

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.4th ed. Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer MS, McBride L: Structured Group Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder: The Life Goals Program. 2nd edition. New York: Springer; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer MS, Williford WO, Dawson EE, Akiskal HS, Altshuler L, Fye C, Gelenberg A, Glick H, Kinosian B, Sajatovic M: Principles of effectiveness trials and their implementation in VA Cooperative Study #430: ‘Reducing the efficacy-effectiveness gap in bipolar disorder’. J Affect Disord 2001,67(1–3):61–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benazzi F: Inter-episode mood lability in mood disorders: residual symptom or natural course of illness? Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004,58(5):480–6. 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01289.x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bussing A, Matthiessen PF, Mundle G: Emotional and rational disease acceptance in patients with depression and alcohol addiction. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2008, 6: 4. 10.1186/1477-7525-6-4

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coryell W, Solomon DA, Fiedorowicz JG, Endicott J, Schettler PJ, Judd LL: Anxiety and outcome in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009,166(11):1238–43. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020218

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dusser I, Romo L, Leboyer M: Élaboration et évaluation d'un programme de gestion du stress pour patients souffrant de troubles bipolaires. J de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive 2009,19(2):56–60. 10.1016/j.jtcc.2009.08.002

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Mallakh RS, Hollifield M: Comorbid anxiety in bipolar disorder alters treatment and prognosis. Psychiatr Q 2008,79(2):139–50. 10.1007/s11126-008-9071-5

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feske U, Frank E, Mallinger AG, Houck PR, Fagiolini A, Shear MK, Grochocinski VJ, Kupfer DJ: Anxiety as a correlate of response to the acute treatment of bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000,157(6):956–62. 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.956

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition. New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman MP, Freeman SA, McElroy SL: The comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, and treatment issues. J Affect Disord 2002,68(1):1–23. 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00299-8

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer WM, Aaronson HS, Prusoff BA, Williams DH: Assessment of social adjustment in chronic ambulatory schizophrenics. J Nerv Ment Dis 1980,168(8):493–7. 10.1097/00005053-198008000-00008

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton M: Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1967,6(4):278–96. 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1967.tb00530.x

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hawke LD, Provencher MD, Parikh SV, Zagorski B: Comorbid anxiety disorders in Canadians with bipolar disorder: clinical characteristics and service use. Can J Psychiatr 2013,58(7):393–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller MB: Prevalence and impact of comorbid anxiety and bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006,67(Suppl 1):5–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keller MB, Lavori PW, Friedman B, Nielsen E, Endicott J, McDonald-Scott P, Andreasen NC: The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation. comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies. AArch Gen Psychiatry. 1987,44(6):540–8. 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lam DH, Jones S, Hayward P, Bright J: Cognitive Therapy for Bipolar Disorder: A Therapist's Guide to Concepts, Methods and Practice. New York: Wiley; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007,64(5):543–52. 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Jankowski MK, Hamblen JL, Monica D: A cognitive-behavioral treatment program for posttraumatic stress disorder in persons with severe mental illness. Am J Psychiatr Rehabil 2004,7(2):107–46. 10.1080/15487760490476183

    Google Scholar 

  • Norton PJ, Philipp LM: Transdiagnostic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders: a quantitative review. Psychother Theory Res Pract Train 2008,45(2):214–26. 10.1037/0033-3204.45.2.214

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto MW, Reilly-Harrington N: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the management of bipolar disorder. In Treating Chronic and Severe Mental Disorders: A Handbook of Empirically Supported Interventions. Edited by: Hofmann SG, Tompson MC. New York: Guilford; 2002:116–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto MW, Simon NM, Wisniewski SR, Miklowitz DJ, Kogan JN, Reilly-Harrington NA, Frank E, Nierenberg AA, Marangell LB, Sagduyu K, Weiss RD, Miyahara S, Thas ME, Sachs GS, Pollack MH: STEP-BD Investigators. Prospective 12-month course of bipolar disorder in out-patients with and without comorbid anxiety disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2006,189(1):20–5. 10.1192/bjp.bp.104.007773

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh SV, Zaretsky A, Beaulieu S, Yatham LN, Young LT, Patelis-Siotis I, MacQueen GM, Levitt A, Arenovich T, Cervantes P, Velyvis V, Kennedy S, Streiner DL: A randomized controlled trial of psychoeducation or cognitive-behavioral therapy in bipolar disorder: a Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) study. J Clin Psychiat 2012,73(06):803–10. 10.4088/JCP.11m07343

    Google Scholar 

  • Paykel ES, Abbott R, Morriss R, Hayhurst H, Scott J: Sub-syndromal and syndromal symptoms in the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2006, 189: 118–23. 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.013870

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Miklowitz DJ, Hay A, Nierenberg AA, Thase ME, Sachs GS: Clinical features associated with poor pharmacologic adherence in bipolar disorder: results from the STEP-BD study. J Clin Psychiatry 2010,71(3):296–303. 10.4088/JCP.09m05514yel

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provencher MD, Guimond A-J, Hawke LD: Comorbid anxiety in bipolar spectrum disorders: A neglected research and treatment issue? J Affect Disord 2012,137(1):161–4. 10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.001

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Provencher MD, Hawke LD, Baruch P, Pouliot L: Transfert d'un groupe psycho éducatif pour le trouble bipolaire en 1èreligne [Transfer of a psychoeducational group for bipolar disorder to first-line treatment]. In Annual Convention of Société Québécoise pour la Recherche en Psychologie. Quebec City, Canada; 2011a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Provencher MD, Hawke LD, Thienot E: Psychotherapies for comorbid anxiety in bipolar spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 2011b,133(3):371–80. 10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.040

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer A, Cairney J, Cheung A, Veldhuizen S, Levitt A: Community survey of bipolar disorder in Canada: lifetime prevalence and illness characteristics. Can J Psychiatr 2006,51(1):9–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffer A, McIntosh D, Goldstein BI, Rector NA, McIntyre RS, Beaulieu S, Swinson R, Yatham LN: Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force. The CANMAT task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2012,24(1):6–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott J, Paykel E, Morriss R, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Johnson T, Abbott R, Hayhurst H: Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2006, 188: 313–20. 10.1192/bjp.188.4.313

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thienot E, Provencher MD, St-Amand J: Traitement du trouble d'anxiété généralisée chez des individus présentantun trouble bipolaire: un protocole à cas unique [Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder for patients with bipolar disorder: a single case experimental design]. J de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive 2013,23(1):9–16. 10.1016/j.jtcc.2012.11.003

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman A, Beck AT: Assessing depressogenic attitudes: a validation study. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association. April 1980. Hartford, USA; 1980:751980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JM, Alatiq Y, Crane C, Barnhofer T, Fennell MJ, Duggan DS, Hepburn S, Goodwin GM: Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in bipolar disorder: preliminary evaluation of immediate effects on between-episode functioning. J Affect Disord 2008,107(1–3):275–9. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.022

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong G, Lam D: The development and validation of the coping inventory for prodromes of mania. J Affect Disord 1999,53(1):57–65. 10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00096-2

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all those who supported the research at the treatment sites, as well as our research participants. The study was financially supported by grants from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MCT 55404) and the Stanley Medical Research Institute (01–153).

Disclaimer

Neither funding body had any input into the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université de Saint-Boniface, Suite 2237, 200 Cathedral Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2H 0H7, Canada

    Lisa D Hawke

  2. York University, Toronto, Canada

    Vytas Velyvis

  3. Adler International Learning, Toronto, Canada

    Vytas Velyvis

  4. University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

    Lisa D Hawke & Sagar V Parikh

  5. University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Sagar V Parikh

Authors
  1. Lisa D Hawke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vytas Velyvis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sagar V Parikh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lisa D Hawke.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

LDH analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. VV contributed to the data collection and analysis, and revised the manuscript. SVP conceived of, designed, and conducted the randomized controlled trial, and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hawke, L.D., Velyvis, V. & Parikh, S.V. Bipolar disorder with comorbid anxiety disorders: impact of comorbidity on treatment outcome in cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychoeducation. Int J Bipolar Disord 1, 15 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-7511-1-15

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2194-7511-1-15

Keywords

  • Bipolar disorder
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Comorbidity
  • Cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • Psychoeducation